By John Thwaites
There are only a small number of real ways people build independent income. Once you see them clearly, what each one requires, who it suits, and how it typically fails, the confusion lifts. This is that map.
Why Most People Are Confused About Independent Income
Most people are not short of ideas.
Instead, they’re overwhelmed by noise.
They hear: “Start a course.” “Do coaching.” “Build a personal brand.” Each is presented as the answer. This creates a dangerous illusion that there is one correct model, and everyone else has found it except you.
The truth is simpler and more useful.
There are only a small number of fundamental ways people actually build independent income.
Once you see them clearly, the fog lifts.
The UK Context: A Market in Transition
The landscape for independent work in the UK has changed dramatically.
As of 2024, 4.38 million people in the UK are self-employed, representing 13.1% of the workforce. While this figure has declined from the 2019 peak of 15.3%, the nature of self-employment has evolved significantly. The traditional sole trader has been joined by fractional executives, online course creators, and portfolio workers building multiple income streams simultaneously.
The consulting market alone has nearly doubled in five years, growing from £10.56 billion in 2018 to £20.4 billion in 2023. Independent market research suggests the sector contracted modestly in 2024 to approximately £15 billion by some measures, though the MCA, using member firm data, reports the sector held broadly flat at £20 billion. Either way, demand for specialist expertise remains strong, particularly in technology, AI adoption, and digital transformation.
Yet despite this growth, most people remain paralysed by choice.
You do not need more opportunities. You need a clear map of the terrain.
The Ten Independent Income Models
Each model below is framed in three dimensions:
What it really is – the structural reality, not the marketing fiction
Who it suits – temperament and circumstances that matter
How it commonly fails – the patterns that trap intelligent people
This removes fantasy and restores realism.
1.Advisory / Consulting
What it really is:
Selling judgement, not labour. You are paid to see patterns, risks, and strategy others cannot.
The UK consulting sector has proven remarkably resilient. Even as independent market research suggests the market contracted modestly in 2024, demand for specialist expertise remains strong. Technology consulting is the fastest-growing segment, driven by AI adoption and digital transformation requirements.
For independent consultants, the fractional model is reshaping the market. Rather than competing with large firms for six-figure retainers, people with deep expertise are securing £1,500-£3,000 per day rates for two to three days per week with multiple clients.
This means accessing senior-level expertise without the £150,000-£250,000 annual commitment of a full-time hire; a compelling proposition for businesses navigating economic uncertainty.
Who it suits:
People with deep domain experience and strong diagnostic ability. Those who have seen the same pattern fail three different ways and can explain why. People who derive energy from solving problems rather than executing solutions.
The critical requirement is not years of experience, it is pattern recognition. Can you walk into a situation and within hours identify what others have missed for months?
How it commonly fails:
When it becomes disguised employment – selling hours instead of insight. The warning sign: you are billing for time rather than outcomes. You are in meetings that do not need you. You are producing reports no one reads.
Consulting fails when you allow the client to treat you as temporary staff rather than as an expert hired to solve a specific problem. If you find yourself working 40 hours a week for a single client, you are not a consultant. You are an expensive contractor.
2. Fractional Executive
What it really is:
Senior-level leadership shared across multiple organisations.
The fractional executive market has grown explosively in the UK. LinkedIn profiles mentioning fractional roles grew from 2,000 in 2022 to 110,000 in early 2024 – a 55-fold increase in two years.
The financial argument is compelling. A full-time CFO in the UK earns £150,000-£250,000 annually, plus bonuses, pensions, and equity. A fractional CFO charging £1,500-£3,000 per day for eight to ten days per month delivers the same strategic expertise for £50,000-£75,000 annually.
Similar economics apply across the C-suite. Fractional CMOs command £700-£1,400 per day. Fractional CTOs typically charge £800-£1,600 per day.
London accounts for over 60% of UK fractional appointments, though Manchester, Leeds, Bristol, and Edinburgh are seeing rapid growth as hybrid working opens regional markets.
Who it suits:
Former leaders who enjoy strategy, governance, and building teams – not operational grind.
Fractional work attracts people who want intellectual diversity without corporate politics.
You might serve as CFO for a fintech start-up on Mondays and Tuesdays, advise a manufacturing scale-up on Wednesdays, and support a professional services firm on Thursdays.
This requires comfort with ambiguity, rapid context-switching, and the ability to influence without authority.
How it commonly fails:
When it recreates corporate politics without corporate security. You are parachuted into leadership teams with existing tensions, competing agendas, and historical grudges. You have responsibility without control.
Fractional roles fail when you accept positions where the CEO wants validation, not counsel; the board has not agreed on your mandate; or your recommendations require implementation capacity that does not exist. You end up as a scapegoat for problems you cannot solve because you lack the authority to make necessary changes.
3. Coaching / Mentoring
What it really is:
Helping others navigate decisions you have already lived through.
The professional coaching market generated an estimated $5.34 billion globally in 2024, according to the ICF’s most recent Global Coaching Study with broader estimates that include leadership development platforms and adjacent services reaching significantly higher figures.
The global number of coach practitioners rose 15% from 2023 to 2024, reaching 122,974, and revenue grew at a 17% compound annual rate from 2019 to 2022.
However, the coaching profession faces a credibility challenge.
Of the millions of people using “Coach” in their LinkedIn profile, only 122,974 hold certifications from recognised bodies like the International Coaching Federation. Research shows 73% of coaches agree that clients and organisations now expect them to hold a certification, creating a clear dividing line between practitioners with structured methodology and those who have simply added “coach” to their title.
The data on coaching ROI is compelling: organisations report an average return of 5–7 times every £1 invested, according to ICF/PwC research.
Who it suits:
People strong at perspective, not just instruction. Coaching requires asking questions that expose assumptions, noticing what is unsaid, and reflecting patterns without judgement. Satisfaction comes from facilitating breakthroughs, not being the hero.
How it commonly fails:
Coaching fails when chosen as an identity upgrade rather than a service role. For instance, people may talk more than they listen, charge premium rates without client results, or position themselves as transformation experts without defining what transforms. Treating coaching as a lifestyle brand undermines both practitioner and industry.
4. Done-For-You Services
What it really is:
Specialist execution of defined outcomes.
The UK freelance platforms market generated £364.6 million in 2023 and is expected to reach £1.03 billion by 2030, a 16% annual growth rate.
Done-for-you services span the spectrum from technical (web development, graphic design, copywriting) to strategic (financial modelling, market research, competitive analysis). The common thread is a clear scope: the client knows what they want; you deliver it.
Day rates for specialist services vary widely by sector and expertise: financial modelling £600-£1,200 per day; technical writing £400-£800; marketing strategy execution £500-£1,000; data analysis and visualisation £500-£900.
Who it suits:
People who prefer doing over selling ideas. Done-for-you services suit those who derive satisfaction from craft; from taking something complex and making it work. From seeing a tangible result at the end of a project.
However, this model requires tolerance for scope creep, client indecision, and the reality that perfect work often matters less than work that is done. It suits people comfortable with being behind the scenes. Your best marketing is the work itself.
How it commonly fails:
When it traps people back into time-for-money dependency. The failure pattern is seductive. You get good at something. Demand increases. You raise rates. You hire help. Suddenly you are managing people rather than doing the work you enjoyed. You have built a job, not a business.
Done-for-you services have a ceiling. Without productisation or leverage, income scales linearly with time. Many people escape traditional employment only to recreate the same constraints with different branding.
5. Teaching / Training
What it really is:
Turning experience into structured understanding.
The UK online education and training market reached £5 billion in 2024. The global e-learning market is projected to reach £1 trillion by 2032, growing at 15.75% annually.
Platform data reveals realistic earning expectations: Kajabi creators average £37,000 annually; top Skillshare instructors earn over £100,000 yearly; 75% of Udemy creators earn less than £1,000 annually. The disparity reflects a fundamental truth: creating content is easy. Creating content that people pay for and complete requires skill most people underestimate.
Who it suits:
People who can simplify complexity and enjoy explaining. Teaching suits those who find satisfaction in the moment someone finally understands. Who can take a concept they have internalised over years and make it accessible in hours.
This requires intellectual generosity, being willing to share everything you know without holding back the “secrets.” It also requires patience. Adult learners are sceptical, time-poor, and distracted. Your content competes with everything else demanding their attention.
How it commonly fails:
When it becomes content creation without transformation. The failure is believing that information transfer equals learning. That if you record enough videos, people will pay attention and their lives will change.
Industry data shows 90% of enrolled students never complete online courses. Of those who complete, most never implement. Teaching fails when you create content without understanding your audience’s actual obstacles. For example, it often occurs when instructors focus on comprehensiveness rather than applicability or measure success by course sales instead of student outcomes.
6. Facilitation
What it really is:
Designing and guiding high-quality thinking in groups.
Facilitation is the invisible profession. When done well, participants believe they reached conclusions themselves. The facilitator’s contribution vanishes into the background.
In the UK, demand for skilled facilitators has grown across sectors: corporate strategy sessions, board retreats, innovation workshops, conflict resolution, change management initiatives, and multi-stakeholder alignment processes. Day rates for experienced facilitators range from £1,500-£3,000, depending on complexity and stakeholder seniority.
Who it suits:
People strong at synthesis, neutrality, and group dynamics. Facilitation suits those comfortable being the least important person in the room. Your job is to enable others to think better, not to demonstrate your own intelligence.
This requires comfort with silence; ability to track multiple conversational threads simultaneously; skill at naming dynamics without triggering defensiveness; willingness to let others take credit for insights.
If you need to be the smartest person in the room, facilitation will frustrate you.
How it commonly fails:
Facilitation fails when it is confused with motivational speaking. For instance, it falters if you prioritise engagement over outcomes or design activities that feel good but produce nothing useful.
The warning signs: workshops full of post-it notes and enthusiasm but no decisions; participants leave energised but unclear on next steps; you are hired for energy rather than expertise in process design. Bad facilitation is entertainment disguised as productivity.
7. Productised Service
What it really is:
A fixed, repeatable solution to a recurring problem.
Productised services sit at the intersection of consulting and software. You identify a problem that affects many organisations, design a standardised solution, and deliver it repeatedly.
Examples in the UK market: monthly financial reporting packages for start-ups at £500-£1,500 per month; website performance audits for e-commerce businesses at £2,000 fixed price; compliance documentation for regulated industries at £3,000-£5,000; quarterly strategic reviews for scale-ups at £4,000-£8,000.
The economics are compelling. Once the process is refined, delivery cost decreases while quality remains consistent. You can bring others in to execute without quality degradation.
Who it suits:
System builders who like clarity and efficiency. Productised services suit people who enjoy optimisation, who find satisfaction in removing variability; who prefer “this is what we do and how we do it” to endless customisation.
This model requires comfort with saying no. Every custom request threatens to undermine the efficiency that makes the model profitable.
How it commonly fails:
When forced onto complex, bespoke problems. Productised services fail when you encounter the one-off situation that does not fit the template. The temptation is to make exceptions to preserve the relationship, to prove you are flexible.
Each exception erodes the model. Suddenly you are back in bespoke consulting, but charging productised prices. The discipline required: walking away from revenue that does not fit your model, even when you could technically do the work.
8. Affiliate / Partnership
What it really is:
Commercialising trust and curation.
The UK affiliate marketing market reached £1.67 billion in 2023, according to the APMA’s State of the Nation Report, representing 17% year-on-year growth. By 2024, the market had grown to £1.7 billion. Globally, the industry is valued at £18.5 billion, projected to reach £31.7 billion by 2031.
For UK practitioners, affiliate income represents a meaningful revenue stream when approached strategically: UK brands earn an average of £16-17 for every £1 spent on affiliate marketing. 31% of content creators rank it among their top revenue sources. 35% generate at least £20,000 per year; 15% earn between £80,000 and £1 million annually.
Who it suits:
People with strong judgement and audience rapport. Affiliate marketing suits those who have already built credibility in a domain, whose recommendations carry weight because of demonstrated expertise, not promotional skill.
This requires selectivity about what you recommend; willingness to say no to lucrative partnerships that do not serve your audience; transparency about commercial relationships; focus on long-term trust over short-term commission.
The best affiliate practitioners make recommendations they would make anyway, they simply formalise the commercial relationship.
How it commonly fails:
Affiliate marketing fails when recommendations lack credibility. For example, it falters if you prioritise commission over audience trust, promote products you have not personally used, or create content primarily to drive clicks rather than provide value.
Your audience can sense the difference. Once trust erodes, affiliate income disappears permanently.
9. Content Creator
What it really is:
Building an audience first, monetising later.
Goldman Sachs Research estimates the creator economy was worth approximately $250 billion in 2023 and is projected to nearly double by 2027.
In the UK, content creation has evolved beyond social media personalities. People are building audiences around specific expertise: LinkedIn thought leadership in B2B sectors, YouTube tutorials in professional skills, podcast conversations with industry experts, newsletter analysis of sector trends.
The time horizon is critical.
Successful content creators typically invest 12–24 months building an audience before meaningful monetisation. Revenue streams develop in phases:
- Months 1–12: audience building with minimal revenue
- Months 12–24: small sponsorships and affiliate income (£500–£2,000/month)
- Years 2–3: multiple revenue streams (£3,000–£10,000/month)
- Years 3+: established media business (£10,000+/month)
Most creators stop before reaching the later phases, often due to impatience or underestimating the time required. Most abandon the effort in phase one or two.
Who it suits:
Long-term thinkers comfortable with delayed returns. Content creation suits those willing to invest significant time without guaranteed payoff. Patience, discipline, and comfort with public visibility are critical.
If you need external validation to continue, content creation will exhaust you.
How it commonly fails:
Content creation fails when approached as a quick-income scheme. Many stop after three months because results are slow. Success requires treating content creation as a business, not a hobby.
10. Hybrid Model
What it really is:
Combining two or three complementary models for stability.
Instead of committing fully to one stream, you can build a portfolio that balances different skills and revenue types.
The Strategic Portfolio
- 2 days per week: Fractional CFO for a scale-up (£10,000 per month)
- 1 day per week: Advisory consulting for three clients (£4,000 per month)
- Ongoing: Online course generating passive income (£2,000 per month)
Total monthly income: £16,000 (£192,000 per year)
The Domain Expert
- 3 days per week: Done-for-you services (£9,000 per month)
- Content creation: YouTube channel generating affiliate income (£1,000 per month)
- Teaching: Quarterly workshops (£1,000 per month on average)
Total monthly income: £11,000 (£132,000 per year)
The Trusted Adviser
- Consulting: Two retainer clients (£8,000 per month)
- Facilitation: Two workshops per month (£4,000 per month)
- Affiliate partnerships: Curated recommendations (£1,500 per month)
Total monthly income: £13,500 (£162,000 per year)
Who it suits:
Most people benefit from the hybrid model. It suits those who value stability over simplicity and understand that diversification reduces risk. You need comfort managing complexity and discipline to prevent overcommitment.
How it commonly fails:
Hybrid models fail when combined randomly rather than strategically. Accepting too many streams can create competing demands and dilute focus. The worst-case scenario is activity without achievement.
How To Choose The Right Income Model
The mistake is not choosing the wrong model.
It is choosing a model before understanding yourself.
Most people copy what worked for someone else without sharing their temperament, constraints, or life stage. That is why so many intelligent people fail in perfectly good models.
A consulting practice that thrives for one person becomes exhausting drudgery for another. Online courses that generate six figures for one creator produce nothing for someone with identical expertise.
The model is not the variable. You are.
Before choosing how to build independent income, answer these questions honestly:
Energy: Do you gain energy from people or from solitary work? Do you prefer depth or variety? Can you sustain effort without external feedback?
Risk: Do you need stable monthly income or can you tolerate variability? How long can you invest before requiring return? What is your financial runway if you are wrong?
Skill: Are you better at diagnosis or execution? Do you excel at selling or delivering? Can you teach what you know or only do it?
Preference: Do you want to build something to sell or build something to keep? Do you prefer being the expert or enabling others? Is status important or irrelevant?
These questions matter more than market opportunity. A mediocre model that fits you will outperform a superior model that does not.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a fractional executive?
A fractional executive is a senior leader (C-suite) who works part-time across multiple organisations. For example, a fractional CFO might split their week between two companies, providing strategic leadership at a lower cost than a full-time hire. Popular in the UK for CFO, CMO, and CTO roles.
What is a productised service?
A productised service is a repeatable service sold at a fixed price. Instead of bespoke quotes, you offer a defined package, like a monthly financial report, website audit, or compliance documentation, delivered consistently to clients.
Consulting vs. fractional work – what’s the difference?
Consulting provides advice on a project basis: diagnose, recommend, exit. Fractional work embeds you in the organisation, giving ongoing leadership and ownership of outcomes. Simply put: consultants tell you what to do; fractional executives do it with you.
Which income model is best if you are over 50?
It depends on your energy, risk tolerance, and expertise. Diagnostic skills suit consulting or fractional work. Teaching skills fit coaching or training. Deep niche credibility works well for content or affiliate income. Most people combine two or three models for a hybrid approach.
Can I run more than one income model at the same time?
Yes. Diversifying income reduces risk. The best combinations reinforce each other—for example, consulting creates content, which builds an audience, which drives courses or affiliate sales. Avoid unrelated models that compete for time without added value.
How much can a fractional CFO or CMO earn in the UK?
Day rates vary:
- CFO: £1,500-£3,000
- CMO: £700-£1,400
- CTO: £800-£1,600
Working 2-3 days a week for one client can earn £50,000-£75,000 annually, leaving room for additional clients or income streams.
How do I know which model suits my temperament, not just my skills?
Consider what energises you: teamwork vs. independence, stable vs. variable income, leading vs. enabling others. Honest answers help identify models you can sustain for 2-3 years, beyond just your skills.
Is affiliate marketing legitimate, or is it associated with low-quality promotion?
Yes. The UK affiliate market hit £1.67 billion in 2023. Success comes from credibility by promoting products you genuinely trust. Commission alone rarely leads to meaningful income.The people who earn meaningfully from affiliate income are typically those who would have recommended the same things without being paid; the commercial relationship simply formalises what was already there.
Do I need to show my face or build a personal brand to make these models work?
Not always. Consulting, fractional work, and productised services rely on networks and referrals. Content, teaching, and affiliate marketing can succeed under a brand rather than a personal profile. Visibility helps but isn’t mandatory.
How long does it realistically take to build independent income from scratch?
The honest answer varies significantly by model.
Consulting/fractional work: weeks to months if you have a network
Done-for-you services: days if demand exists
Teaching/content creation: 12–24 months for meaningful revenue
Starting with existing skills and relationships is fastest.
What is the biggest mistake people make when choosing an income model?
Choosing based on popularity or others’ success, not personal fit. The right model matches your temperament, risk tolerance, and what you can sustain consistently.
Is it too late to start building independent income in my late 50s or early 60s?
No. Many UK self-employed people are over 60. Businesses started later often survive longer. Models like consulting, fractional work, coaching, and teaching leverage experience, credibility, and networks – not youth.
What This Article Is Not
This is not a step-by-step guide to implementing any of these models.
It’s not a promise that any of them will work for you.
It isn’t a suggestion that building independent income is easy, risk-free, or suitable for everyone.
What it is: a clear explanation of the fundamental models available to anyone who wants to build income outside traditional employment, stripped of marketing fiction and wishful thinking.
The goal is simple. Replace confusion with orientation. Give you the language to think clearly about options. Help you see which models deserve deeper investigation and which you can eliminate immediately.
After reading this, you should be able to say: “Models 2, 5, and 10 make sense for me. The rest do not fit.” Or: “I have been trying to force Model 4 to work, but I am actually suited for Model 3.” That clarity is the foundation everything else builds on.
The Uncomfortable Truth
Most people reading this will not build successful independent income.
Not because they lack capability.
Because they lack clarity about what they are actually willing to do consistently for two to three years with no guarantee of success.
They want the outcome without the process. The positioning without the practice. The income without the investment.
This is not judgement. It is pattern recognition.
The gap between wanting independence and building it is filled with work most people underestimate.
If you are not prepared for that reality, it is better to acknowledge it now than waste two years discovering it through failure.
But if you are prepared, if you understand the terrain, accept the timeline, and match model to temperament, then independent income is not only possible but probable.
The models work.
The question is whether you are willing to work the model long enough to find out.
Where To Start
If this resonated, the logical progression is:
- Eliminate models that clearly do not fit your temperament
- Research the two or three that remain in depth
- Speak to people actually earning from those models, not people selling courses about them
- Test the most promising option for 90 days before full commitment
- Adjust based on reality, not theory
Clarity comes before strategy. Always.
If you want a structured way to identify which model fits you specifically and test whether the idea has real demand before committing significant time or money, then the Mission Map was built for exactly this.
If you would rather ask questions first, join the free Tuesday Clarity Call. Details are on the Mission Map page.
Key UK Market Data
For reference, the condensed data behind this article:
Self-employment: 4.38 million self-employed in UK (13.1% of workforce, Q4 2025)
Consulting: £20.4 billion market in 2023 (MCA), grown from £10.56 billion in 2018
Fractional executives: LinkedIn “fractional” mentions grew from 2,000 (2022) to 110,000 (2024)
- Fractional CFO day rates: £1,500–£3,000
- Fractional CMO day rates: £700–£1,400
- Fractional CTO day rates: £800–£1,600
Coaching: $5.34 billion global coaching revenue (ICF 2025 Global Coaching Study); 122,974 active coaches worldwide; 5–7x average ROI for organisations
Online education: £5 billion UK market (2024); global e-learning projected £1 trillion by 2032
Affiliate marketing: £1.67 billion UK market (2023, APMA); £1.7 billion in 2024; £16–17 return per £1 invested
Content creation: Creator economy estimated $250 billion (2023, Goldman Sachs); projected $480 billion by 2027
UK average full-time earnings: £34,963 (2023, ONS)
These figures provide context, not direction. Your path depends on variables these statistics cannot capture.
Sources and References
All statistics and claims are drawn from primary sources where available. Secondary sources are used only where primary data is not publicly accessible.
Self-employment Office for National Statistics, Labour Force Survey, Employment in the UK: October to December 2025. https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/employmentintheuk/december2025
IPSE, The Self-Employed Landscape 2024. https://www.ipse.co.uk/campaigns/the-self-employed-landscape/self-employed-landscape-2024
Consulting and fractional work Management Consultancies Association (MCA) / Savanta, Annual Industry Report 2024. https://www.mca.org.uk
MCA, MCA Member Survey 2025, January 2025. https://www.mca.org.uk/press-releases/mca-forecasts-growth-and-highlights-continuing-improvements-in-social-mobility-in-the-consulting-sector
Harvard Business Review, The Rise of the Fractional Executive, 2024. https://hbr.org/2023/04/the-rise-of-the-part-time-c-suite
Robert Half UK, Fractional Executive Salary Guide 2024/25. https://www.roberthalf.com/gb/en/insights/salary-guides
Coaching International Coaching Federation (ICF) / PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2025 ICF Global Coaching Study, September 2025. https://coachingfederation.org/resources/research/global-coaching-study/
ICF / PwC, Building a Coaching Culture with Managers and Leaders (ROI research). https://coachingfederation.org/research/coaching-impact
Done-for-you services and freelance Robert Half UK, Salary and Market Trends Guide 2025. https://www.roberthalf.com/gb/en/insights/salary-guides
Hays UK, Salary Guide 2025. https://www.hays.co.uk/salary-guide
Teaching and online education Grand View Research, E-Learning Market Size Report, 2024. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/e-learning-market
Class Central, MOOC Completion Rates: The Data, updated 2023. https://www.classcentral.com/report/mooc-completion-rates-the-data/
Affiliate marketing The Affiliate and Partner Marketing Association (APMA), State of the Nation Report 2024. https://theapma.co.uk/affiliate-marketing-the-21bn-e-commerce-powerhouse/
APMA, State of the Affiliate Nation 2025. https://theapma.co.uk/apma-research/
Influencer Marketing Hub, Affiliate Marketing Benchmark Report, 2023. https://influencermarketinghub.com/affiliate-marketing-benchmark-report/
Content creation and creator economy Goldman Sachs Research, The Creator Economy Could Approach Half-a-Trillion Dollars by 2027, 2023. https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/articles/the-creator-economy-could-approach-half-a-trillion-dollars-by-2027
UK earnings ONS, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE), 2023. https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/bulletins/annualsurveyofhoursandearnings/2023
ONS, Household Disposable Income and Inequality, UK, 2022/23. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/personalandhouseholdfinances/incomeandwealth/bulletins/householddisposableincomeandinequality/financialyearending2023
